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Like the sine, the cosine and tangent are replaced with rational equivalents, called the "cross" and "twist", and Divine Proportions develops various analogues of trigonometric identities involving these quantities, [3] including versions of the Pythagorean theorem, law of sines and law of cosines. [4]
The publisher is Wild Egg Books, run by Norman Wildberger, and with one book published to date (according to my reading of the site). As they say: 'Wild Egg Books is delighted to offer the controversial new book DIVINE PROPORTIONS: Rational Trigonometry to Universal Geometry by N J Wildberger'.
The Risch–Norman algorithm is a simpler, faster, but less powerful variant that was developed in 1976 by Arthur Norman. Some significant progress has been made in computing the logarithmic part of a mixed transcendental-algebraic integral by Brian L. Miller.
Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area , differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian , mean , and principal ...
The substitution is described in most integral calculus textbooks since the late 19th century, usually without any special name. [5] It is known in Russia as the universal trigonometric substitution , [ 6 ] and also known by variant names such as half-tangent substitution or half-angle substitution .
Indeterminate form is a mathematical expression that can obtain any value depending on circumstances. In calculus, it is usually possible to compute the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions by taking the corresponding combination of the separate limits of each respective function.
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form:
Even with a calculator or computer, round-off errors make it advisable to use the sin 2 formula for small θ. Another historical advantage of the versine is that it is always non-negative, so its logarithm is defined everywhere except for the single angle ( θ = 0, 2 π , …) where it is zero—thus, one could use logarithmic tables for ...