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A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs , or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels .
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The following list is verbatim from the list printed in the appendix of Greenberg's Universals of Language [1] and "Universals Restated", [2] [3] sorted by context. The numbering is fixed to keep Greenberg's number associations as these are commonly referenced by number; e.g.: "Greenberg's linguistic universal number 12".
Preceding Volapük by a decade and Esperanto by nearly 20 years, Universalglot has been called the first "complete auxiliary-language system based on the common elements in national languages". [1] Pirro gave it more than 7,000 basic words and numerous prefixes, enabling the development of a very extensible vocabulary.
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The term "universal grammar" is placeholder for whichever domain-specific features of linguistic competence turn out to be innate. Within generative grammar, it is generally accepted that there must be some such features, and one of the goals of generative research is to formulate and test hypotheses about which aspects those are.
An international auxiliary language [A] (sometimes acronymized as IAL or contracted as auxlang) is a language meant for communication between people from different nations, who do not share a common first language. An auxiliary language is primarily a foreign language and often a constructed language.
The countries in which the French Wikipedia is the most popular language version of Wikipedia are shown in dark blue. Page views by country over time on the French Wikipedia. The audience measurement company Médiamétrie questioned a sample of 8,500 users residing in France with access to Internet at home or at their place of work.