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Consider an example to distribute 8 seats between three parties A, B, C having respectively 100,000, 80,000 and 30,000 voices. Each eligible party is assigned one seat.
Compared to a plurality voting system that rewards only the top vote-getter, instant-runoff voting mitigates the problem of wasted votes. [19] However, it does not ensure the election of a Condorcet winner, which is the candidate who would win a direct election against any other candidate in the race.
In mathematics, brackets of various typographical forms, such as parentheses ( ), square brackets [ ], braces { } and angle brackets , are frequently used in mathematical notation. Generally, such bracketing denotes some form of grouping: in evaluating an expression containing a bracketed sub-expression, the operators in the sub-expression take ...
The method of brackets is a generalization of Ramanujan's master theorem that can be applied to a wide range of univariate and multivariate integrals. A set of rules are applied to the coefficients and exponential terms of the integrand's power series expansion to determine the integral.
Each year, high-income taxpayers must calculate and then pay the greater of an alternative minimum tax (AMT) or regular tax. [9] The alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) is calculated by taking the taxpayer's regular income and adding on disallowed credits and deductions such as the bargain element from incentive stock options, state and local tax deduction, foreign tax credits, and ...
The defining property for the gamma matrices to generate a Clifford algebra is the anticommutation relation {,} = + = ,where the curly brackets {,} represent the anticommutator, is the Minkowski metric with signature (+ − − −), and is the 4 × 4 identity matrix.
Earned income is defined by the United States Internal Revenue Code as income received through personal effort, [23] with the following as the main sources: [17]. Wages, salaries, tips, commissions, and other taxable employee pay.
Tax-collection agencies often collect personal income tax on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with corrections made after the end of the tax year. These corrections take one of two forms: payments to the government, from taxpayers who have not paid enough during the tax year; tax refunds from the government to those who have overpaid