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If the channel characteristics cannot be determined, or are highly variable, an error-detection scheme may be combined with a system for retransmissions of erroneous data. This is known as automatic repeat request (ARQ), and is most notably used in the Internet.
Fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR) is a subfield of control engineering which concerns itself with monitoring a system, identifying when a fault has occurred, and pinpointing the type of fault and its location. Two approaches can be distinguished: A direct pattern recognition of sensor readings that indicate a fault and an analysis ...
Therefore a reverse channel to request re-transmission may not be needed. The cost is a fixed, higher forward channel bandwidth. The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code. [5]
The hardware fault injection method consists in real electrical signals injection into the DUT (devices under testing) in order to disturb it, supposedly well working, at hardware low level, and deceive the control - detection chain (if present) in order to see how and if the fault management strategy is implemented.
Hardware-wise, this turbo code encoder consists of two identical RSC coders, C 1 and C 2, as depicted in the figure, which are connected to each other using a concatenation scheme, called parallel concatenation: In the figure, M is a memory register. The delay line and interleaver force input bits d k to appear in different sequences.
graph with an example of steps in a failure mode and effects analysis. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA; often written with "failure modes" in plural) is the process of reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify potential failure modes in a system and their causes and effects.
The construction of a failure detector is an essential, but a very difficult problem that occurred in the development of the fault-tolerant component in a distributed computer system. As a result, the failure detector was invented because of the need for detecting errors in the massive information transaction in distributed computing systems.
Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure, often with the goal of determining corrective actions or liability.. According to Bloch and Geitner, ”machinery failures reveal a reaction chain of cause and effect… usually a deficiency commonly referred to as the symptom…”