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The lexical route is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known words by sight alone, through a "dictionary" lookup procedure. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] According to this model, every word a reader has learned is represented in a mental database of words and their pronunciations that resembles a dictionary, or internal lexicon.
This can be explained by models that do not assume a distinct level between the semantic and the phonological stages (and so lack a lemma representation). [3] During the process of language activation, lemma retrieval is the first step in lexical access. In this step, meaning and the syntactic elements of a lexical item are realized as the lemma.
Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), as a subfield of linguistic semantics, is the study of word meanings. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It includes the study of how words structure their meaning, how they act in grammar and compositionality , [ 1 ] and the relationships between the distinct senses and uses of a word.
The latter, semantic network theory, proposes the idea of spreading activation, which is a hypothetical mental process that takes place when one of the nodes in the semantic network is activated, and proposes three ways this is done: priming effects, neighborhood effects, and frequency effects, which have all been studied in depth over the years.
The cohort model relies on several concepts in the theory of lexical retrieval. The lexicon is the store of words in a person's mind; [3] it contains a person's vocabulary and is similar to a mental dictionary. A lexical entry is all the information about a word and the lexical storage is the way the items are stored for peak retrieval.
For example, under semantic bootstrapping, learning word meanings to understand the difference between physical objects, agents and actions is used to acquire the syntax of a language. [3] However, prosodic bootstrapping also attempts to explain how children acquire the syntax of their language, but through prosodic cues. [ 4 ]
Semantic processing is the deepest level of processing and it requires the listener to think about the meaning of the cue. Studies on brain imaging have shown that, when semantic processing occurs, there is increased brain activity in the left prefrontal regions of the brain that does not occur during different kinds of processing. One study ...
Single-route models posit that lexical memory is used to store all spellings of words for retrieval in a single process. Dual-route models posit that lexical memory is employed to process irregular and high-frequency regular words, while low-frequency regular words and nonwords are processed using a sub-lexical set of phonological rules. [207]