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  2. Groundcover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover

    Groundcover of Vinca major. Groundcover or ground cover is any plant that grows low over an area of ground, which protects the topsoil from erosion and drought.In a terrestrial ecosystem, the ground cover forms the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer known as the herbaceous layer, and provides habitats and concealments for (especially fossorial) terrestrial fauna.

  3. Land - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land

    Land is often defined as the solid, dry surface of Earth. [1] The word land may also collectively refer the collective natural resources of Earth, [2] including its land cover, rivers, shallow lakes, its biosphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere (troposphere), groundwater reserves, and the physical results of human activity on land, such as architecture and agriculture. [3]

  4. Land cover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_cover

    Land cover is the physical material at the land surface of Earth. Land covers include flora , concrete , built structures, bare ground, and temporary water . Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation .

  5. Soil conservation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conservation

    Tree, shrubs and ground-cover are effective perimeter treatment for soil erosion prevention, by impeding surface flows. A special form of this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a "grass way" that both channels and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding surface runoff and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface ...

  6. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

    The color of the ground cover and its insulating properties have a strong influence on soil temperature. [88] Whiter soil tends to have a higher albedo than blacker soil cover, which encourages whiter soils to have lower soil temperatures. [85] The specific heat of soil is the energy required to raise the temperature of soil by 1 °C.

  7. Soil structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_structure

    Soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the pore spaces located between them (Marshall & Holmes, 1979). [1] Aggregation is the result of the interaction of soil particles through rearrangement, flocculation and cementation.

  8. Humus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus

    The solid residue of sewage sludge treatment, which is a secondary phase in the wastewater treatment process, is also called humus. [10] When not judged contaminated by pathogens, toxic heavy metals, or persistent organic pollutants according to standard tolerance levels, it is sometimes composted and used as a soil amendment. [11]

  9. Impervious surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface

    Homer and others (2007) indicate that about 76 percent of the conterminous United States is classified as having less than 1 percent impervious cover, 11 percent with impervious cover of 1 to 10 percent, 4 percent with an estimated impervious cover of 11 to 20 percent, 4.4 percent with an estimated impervious cover of 21 to 40 percent, and ...