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It is produced during the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and is used in the synthesis of many other biomolecules, including cholesterol, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. Acetyl-CoA is also a key molecule in the citric acid cycle , which is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and is ...
Choline is a direct precursor of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous system that regulates a variety of autonomic, cognitive, and motor functions. SLC5A7 is a Na(+)- and Cl(-)- dependent high-affinity transporter that mediates the uptake of choline for acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons. [5] [6]
Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes. . Because of this, when the molecule is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and at present it is considered that the molecule does not pass through the blood–brain
Acetylcholine is even present in the placenta and may help control cell proliferation and differentiation (increases in cell number and changes of multiuse cells into dedicated cellular functions) and parturition. [40] [41] Choline uptake into the brain is controlled by a low-affinity transporter located at the blood–brain barrier. [42]
Choline acetyltransferase was first described by David Nachmansohn and A. L. Machado in 1943. [6] A German biochemist, Nachmansohn had been studying the process of nerve impulse conduction and utilization of energy-yielding chemical reactions in cells, expanding upon the works of Nobel laureates Otto Warburg and Otto Meyerhof on fermentation, glycolysis, and muscle contraction.
Neurotransmitter transporters frequently use electrochemical gradients that exist across cell membranes to carry out their work. For example, some transporters use energy obtained by the cotransport, or symport, of Na + in order to move glutamate across membranes. Such neurotransporter cotransport systems are highly diverse, as recent ...
The released ATP acts on purinergic receptors on endothelial cells, triggering the synthesis and release of several vasodilators, like nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI 2). [ 40 ] [ 41 ] The current model of leukocyte adhesion cascade includes many steps mentioned in Table 1. [ 42 ]
6572 20508 Ensembl ENSG00000187714 ENSMUSG00000100241 UniProt Q16572 O35304 Q3TYJ1 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003055 NM_021712 RefSeq (protein) NP_003046 NP_068358 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 49.61 – 49.61 Mb Chr 14: 32.18 – 32.19 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) is a neurotransmitter transporter which is responsible for loading ...