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e. In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter, usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree, can't be integrated directly.
Wallis's integrals can be evaluated by using Euler integrals: Euler integral of the first kind: the Beta function: for Re (x), Re (y) > 0. Euler integral of the second kind: the Gamma function: for Re (z) > 0. If we make the following substitution inside the Beta function: we obtain:
The integral of secant cubed is a frequent and challenging [1] indefinite integral of elementary calculus: where is the inverse Gudermannian function, the integral of the secant function. There are a number of reasons why this particular antiderivative is worthy of special attention: The technique used for reducing integrals of higher odd ...
Cosine power-reduction formula: an illustrative diagram. The red, orange and blue triangles are all similar, and the red and orange triangles are congruent. The hypotenuse A D ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {AD}}} of the blue triangle has length 2 cos θ {\displaystyle 2\cos \theta } .
Exponential decay. A quantity undergoing exponential decay. Larger decay constants make the quantity vanish much more rapidly. This plot shows decay for decay constant (λ) of 25, 5, 1, 1/5, and 1/25 for x from 0 to 5. A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.
Reduction of order (or d’Alembert reduction) is a technique in mathematics for solving second-order linear ordinary differential equations. It is employed when one solution is known and a second linearly independent solution is desired. The method also applies to n -th order equations. In this case the ansatz will yield an (n −1)-th order ...
Reduced mass. In physics, reduced mass is a measure of the effective inertial mass of a system with two or more particles when the particles are interacting with each other. Reduced mass allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced.
For the formula on difference operators, see Summation by parts. In mathematics, Abel's identity (also called Abel's formula[ 1 ] or Abel's differential equation identity) is an equation that expresses the Wronskian of two solutions of a homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equation in terms of a coefficient of the original ...