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The cardinal points were all included in a single diagram as early as 1864 (Donders), with the object in air and the image in a different medium. Cardinal point diagram for an optical system with different media on each side. F for Focal point, P for Principal point, NP for Nodal Point, and efl for effective focal length. The chief ray is shown ...
The reduced eye is an idealized model of the optics of the human eye. Introduced by Franciscus Donders, the reduced eye model replaces the several refracting bodies of the eye (the cornea, lens, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor) are replaced by an ideal air/water interface surface that is located 20 mm from a model retina.
Astigmatism: The image of point G is at point B M for rays in plane M, and at point B S for rays in plane S. An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different foci. If an optical system with astigmatism is used to form an image of a cross, the vertical and horizontal lines will be in ...
The object point is the point of origin for a cone of rays which enter an "optical system", and the image point is where that same cone of rays is brought back into focus by that "optical system". The object plane is a (virtual?) surface which includes the object point and is perpendicular to the optical axis, and the image plane is the same ...
An optical axis is an imaginary line that passes through the geometrical center of an optical system such as a camera lens, microscope or telescopic sight. [1] Lens elements often have rotational symmetry about the axis. The optical axis defines the path along which light propagates through the system, up to first approximation.
Optical bistability is an attribute of certain optical devices where two resonant transmissions states are possible and stable, dependent on the input. Bistability can also arise in biochemical systems, where it creates digital, switch-like outputs from the constituent chemical concentrations and activities.
The visual system is the physiological basis of visual perception (the ability to detect and process light).The system detects, transduces and interprets information concerning light within the visible range to construct an image and build a mental model of the surrounding environment.
In geometrical optics, a focus, also called an image point, is a point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge. [1] Although the focus is conceptually a point, physically the focus has a spatial extent, called the blur circle. This non-ideal focusing may be caused by aberrations of the imaging optics.