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  2. Hikmah - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmah

    Hikmah (also Hikmat, Arabic: حكمة, ḥikma) is an Arabic word that means wisdom, sagacity, philosophy, rationale or underlying reason.The Quran mentions "hikmah" in various places, where it is understood as knowledge and understanding of the Quran, fear of God, and a means of nourishing the spirit or intellect.

  3. Al-Milal wa al-Nihal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal

    Kitāb al–Milal wa al-Nihal (Arabic: كتاب الملل والنحل, The Book of Sects and Creeds), written by the Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Shahrastani (d. 1153 CE), is a non-polemical study of religious communities and philosophies that had existed up to his time, considered to be the first systematic study of religion.

  4. Hamzah Fansuri - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri

    Hamzah Fansuri (Jawi: حمزه فنسوري ; also spelled Hamzah Pansuri, d. c. 1590 ?) was a 16th-century Sumatran Sufi writer, and the first writer known to write mystical panentheistic ideas in the Malay language.

  5. Kalam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam

    Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]