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  2. Human-readable medium and data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-readable_medium_and_data

    Since any type of data encoding can be parsed by a suitably programmed computer, the decision to use binary encoding rather than text encoding is usually made to conserve storage space. Encoding data in a binary format typically requires fewer bytes of storage and increases efficiency of access (input and output) by eliminating format parsing ...

  3. Encoding/decoding model of communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding/decoding_model_of...

    The encoding of a message is the production of the message. It is a system of coded meanings, and in order to create that, the sender needs to understand how the word is comprehensible to the members of the audience.

  4. Test of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Of_Word_Reading...

    Test Of Word Efficiency (TOWRE) was first developed and published by Joseph K Torgesen, Richard Wagner and Carl Rashotte in 1999. [1] After its popularity and acclamation, [3] its second revision version was published in 2012 which is known as Test of Word Efficiency second edition (TOWRE - 2).

  5. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the PDF specification: [38] [53] [54] [55] AcroForms (also known as Acrobat forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and included in all later PDF ...

  6. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  7. Transcoding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcoding

    Similarly, if encoding to a lossy format is required, it should be deferred until the data is finalised, e.g. after mastering. Lower bitrate Transrating is a process similar to transcoding in which files are coded to a lower bitrate without changing video formats; [ 3 ] this can include sample rate conversion , but may use an identical sampling ...

  8. PDF/A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF/A

    PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...

  9. Character encoding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding

    Punched tape with the word "Wikipedia" encoded in ASCII.Presence and absence of a hole represents 1 and 0, respectively; for example, W is encoded as 1010111.. Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. [1]