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Under acidic conditions, the alkene double bond is cleaved to give the appropriate carboxylic acid: [70] CH 3 (CH 2) 17 CH=CH 2 + 2 KMnO 4 + 3 H 2 SO 4 → CH 3 (CH 2) 17 COOH + CO 2 + 4 H 2 O + K 2 SO 4 + 2 MnSO 4. Potassium permanganate oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids, illustrated by the conversion of n-heptanal to heptanoic acid: [71]
4 + 5 e − → Mn 2+ + 4 H 2 O. In a strongly basic or alkaline solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the green manganate ion, MnO 2− 4 with an oxidation state of +6. MnO − 4 + e − → MnO 2− 4. In a neutral solution, however, it gets reduced to the brown manganese dioxide MnO 2 with an oxidation state of +4. 2 H 2 O + MnO − 4 ...
Depending on the conditions in which the titration is performed, the manganese is reduced from an oxidation of +7 to +2, +4, or +6. In most cases, permanganometry is performed in a very acidic solution in which the following electrochemical reaction occurs: [3] MnO − 4 + 8 H + + 5 e − → Mn 2+ + 4 H 2 O; E° = +1.51 V [4]
Permanganic acid (or manganic(VII) acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula H MnO 4 and various hydrates. [3] This strong oxoacid has been isolated as its dihydrate. It is the conjugate acid of permanganate salts. It is the subject of few publications and its characterization as well as its uses are very limited.
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Mining always leaves its mark on the environment and human health, particularly when it comes to metal and metalloid deposits, and especially in naturally acidic regions prone to runoff, and even more so in the case of acid mine drainage. [2] [3] Major mines and deposits also exist overseas, including in French Guiana and New Caledonia.
Manganate is formally the conjugate base of hypothetical manganic acid H 2 MnO 4, which cannot be formed because of its rapid disproportionation. However, its second acid dissociation constant has been estimated by pulse radiolysis techniques: [3] HMnO − 4 ⇌ MnO 2− 4 + H + pK a = 7.4 ± 0.1
pH sensitive polymers can be broken into two categories: those with acidic groups (such as -COOH and -SO 3 H) and those with basic groups (-NH 2). The mechanism of response is the same for both, only the stimulus varies. The general form of the polymer is a backbone with functional "pendant groups" that hang off of it.