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In a pretextual stop (also called an investigatory stop), officers pull over people citing a minor issue, then start asking unrelated questions. University of Kansas professor Charles Epp in a study found that black drivers were three times more likely than whites to be subjected to "pretextual" stops, and five times more likely to be searched ...
When police stop and search a pedestrian, this is commonly known as a stop and frisk. When police stop an automobile, this is known as a traffic stop. If the police stop a motor vehicle on minor infringements in order to investigate other suspected criminal activity, this is known as a pretextual stop. Additional rules apply to stops that occur ...
Pretextual stops are traffic stops conducted by law enforcement for a traffic violation, but the purpose is for the officer to investigate an unrelated crime that the driver was not stopped for. A law enforcement officer can learn about a potential suspect from a traffic stop by identifying the driver, engaging in conversation with them, and ...
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The cards have been issued in New York City, New Jersey, [53] Boston, [55] Los Angeles [56] and Philadelphia. [57] Cards were a "time-honored" tradition in Los Angeles by 1923 despite efforts by the police chief and a city councilman to stop them. The California Highway Patrol gave cards under Chief Cato, appointed in 1931. [56]
The Annenberg Space for Photography (2009 - 2020) was an exhibition space in the Century City neighborhood of Los Angeles' Westside. Founded in March 2009, it was dedicated to displaying photographic works, ranging from artistic to journalistic, using both traditional photographic prints and modern digital techniques.
Photo-text, also written as photo/text, is a hybrid form of artistic expression that combines photography and textual elements to convey a message or create a narrative. This combination allows for a multi-dimensional experience for the viewer.
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996), was a unanimous United States Supreme Court decision [1] that "declared that any traffic offense committed by a driver was a legitimate legal basis for a stop."