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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an iatrogenic disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips, [1] which occurs following treatment with medication.
The shouting can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as oculogyric crises or other involuntary movements. [2] The presentation of klazomania has been compared to temporal lobe epilepsy , although the two can be distinguished by the duration of the attack and the fact that the patient experiencing klazomania appears to retain consciousness.
The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1 ratio). The combination of upper and lower dystonia is sometimes called cranial-cervical dystonia. [2] The incidence is about one case in 20,000 people. [3]
Oromandibular dystonia is characterized by involuntary spasms of the tongue, jaw, and mouth muscles that result in bruxism, or grinding of the teeth, and jaw closure. These conditions frequently lead to secondary dental wear as well as temporomandibular joint syndrome. In addition, problems with chewing, speaking, and swallowing may result from ...
The cause of bruxism is largely unknown, but it is generally accepted to have multiple possible causes. [4] [5] [22] Bruxism is a parafunctional activity, but it is debated whether this represents a subconscious habit or is entirely involuntary. The relative importance of the various identified possible causative factors is also debated.
Motor tics are movement-based tics affecting discrete muscle groups. [4]Phonic tics are involuntary sounds produced by moving air through the nose, mouth, or throat. They may be alternately referred to as verbal tics or vocal tics, but most diagnosticians prefer the term phonic tics to reflect the notion that the vocal cords are not involved in all tics that produce sound.
Psychomotor agitation is a symptom in various disorders and health conditions. It is characterized by unintentional and purposeless motions and restlessness, often but not always accompanied by emotional distress and is always an indicative for admission.
It is therefore critical for families and caregivers to recognize the pathological nature of PBA and the reassurance that this is an involuntary syndrome that is manageable. Traditionally, antidepressants such as sertraline , [ 42 ] fluoxetine , [ 43 ] citalopram , [ 44 ] nortriptyline [ 45 ] and amitriptyline [ 46 ] have been prescribed with ...