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  2. Bohr model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model

    The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1), where the negatively charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus and where an electron jumps between orbits, is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy (hν). [1]

  3. Relativistic quantum chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry

    Bohr calculated that a 1s orbital electron of a hydrogen atom orbiting at the Bohr radius of 0.0529 nm travels at nearly 1/137 the speed of light. [11] One can extend this to a larger element with an atomic number Z by using the expression v ≈ Z c 137 {\displaystyle v\approx {\frac {Zc}{137}}} for a 1s electron, where v is its radial velocity ...

  4. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding of the quantum-mechanical nature of electrons. An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal quantum number, n, that electrons may occupy.

  5. Electron shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell

    In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom, giving the arrangement of electrons in their sequential orbits. At that time, Bohr allowed the capacity of the inner orbit of the atom to increase to eight electrons as the atoms got larger, and "in the scheme given below the number of electrons in this [outer] ring is arbitrary put equal to the normal valency of the corresponding element".

  6. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    However, Bohr's model failed to account for the relative intensities of the spectral lines and it was unsuccessful in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. [ 51 ] Chemical bonds between atoms were explained by Gilbert Newton Lewis , who in 1916 proposed that a covalent bond between two atoms is maintained by a pair of electrons shared ...

  7. Tungsten - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten

    Tungsten electrode used in a gas tungsten arc welding torch Tungsten filament is used in incandescent lightbulbs, where it is heated until it glows Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in electrodes , and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use field emission guns , such ...

  8. Fine-structure constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant

    The fine-structure constant gives the maximum positive charge of an atomic nucleus that will allow a stable electron-orbit around it within the Bohr model (element feynmanium). [20] For an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus with atomic number Z the relation is ⁠ mv 2 / r ⁠ = ⁠ 1 / 4πε 0 ⁠ ⁠ Ze 2 / r 2 ⁠.

  9. Bohr–Sommerfeld model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr–Sommerfeld_model

    The Bohr–Sommerfeld model (also known as the Sommerfeld model or Bohr–Sommerfeld theory) was an extension of the Bohr model to allow elliptical orbits of electrons around an atomic nucleus. Bohr–Sommerfeld theory is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr and German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld .