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In Denmark and Norway, there is a distinction between (1) nobiliary particles in family names and (2) prepositions denoting an individual person's place of residence. Nobiliary particles like af, von, and de (English: of) are integrated parts of family names. The use of particles was not a particular privilege for the nobility.
The prepositions à (' to, at ') and de (' of, from ') form contracted forms with the masculine and plural articles le and les: au, du, aux, and des, respectively.. Like the, the French definite article is used with a noun referring to a specific item when both the speaker and the audience know what the item is.
What the French call complément d'objet indirect is a complement introduced by an essentially void à or de (at least in the case of a noun) required by some particular, otherwise intransitive, verbs: e.g. Les cambrioleurs ont profité de mon absence 'the robbers took advantage of my absence' — but the essentially synonymous les cambrioleurs ...
Some French last names include a prefix called a particle (French: particule), a preposition or article at the beginning of the name. The most widespread of these are de (meaning "of"), le or la ("the"), and Du or de La ("of the"). The capitalisation of particules can vary.
Further, if the preposition is de, even if it is not the de of the possession, dont has started to be used (with both person and non-person antecedents): « la femme dont j'ai parlé ». (However, dont has not started to be used in the case of compound prepositions ending in de , such as à côté de , loin de , and à cause de : « la femme à ...
The following prepositions are not widely used in Present-Day English. Some, such as bating and forby , are archaic and typically only used to convey the tone of a bygone era. Others, such as ayond and side , are generally used only by speakers of a particular variety of English.
voor – meaning "in front of", (also in combination voor de, voor den, voor 't, voor in 't) zonder – meaning "without": Zonderland (without land) or Zondervan (without van, e.g. without a surname beginning with van) Apart from these prepositions the prefix "de" (not a preposition but an article, meaning "the") is also very common.
However, not all dialects of French allow preposition stranding to the same extent. For instance, Ontario French restricts preposition stranding to relative clauses with certain prepositions. In most dialects, stranding is impossible with the prepositions à 'to' and de 'of'.
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