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A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
Similar to other benzodiazepines clotiazepam has anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, amnesic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant pharmacological properties. [7] Clotiazepam binds to the benzodiazepine site of the GABA A receptor where it acts as a full agonist; this action results in an enhanced GABA inhibitory effect at the GABA A receptor which results in the pharmacological effects of clotiazepam.
However, a CT study in 1987 found no evidence of cerebral atrophy in prescribed benzodiazepine users. [72] In 1989, in a 4- to 6-year follow-up study of 30 inpatient people who used benzodiazepines non-medically, Neuropsychological function was found to be permanently affected in some people with long-term high dose non-medical use of ...
A 1991–1993 British study found that the hypnotics flurazepam and temazepam were more toxic than average benzodiazepines in overdose. [9] A 1995 study found that temazepam is more rapidly absorbed and oxazepam is more slowly absorbed than most other benzodiazepines. [10] Benzodiazepines have been abused both orally and intravenously.
Several studies have confirmed that long-term benzodiazepines are not significantly different from placebo for sleep [131] [132] [133] or anxiety. [ 118 ] [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] This may explain why patients commonly increase doses over time and many eventually take more than one type of benzodiazepine after the first loses effectiveness.
Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used to prevent and treat anxiety disorders, seizures, bipolar mania, agitation associated with psychosis, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and akathisia. [11] It is a long-acting [12] tranquilizer of the benzodiazepine class. [11]
Here are links to possibly useful sources of information about Clonazepam. PubMed provides review articles from the past five years (limit to free review articles ) The TRIP database provides clinical publications about evidence-based medicine .
Chlordiazepoxide, sold under the brand name Librium among others, is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class. It is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other drugs.