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The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are called basidiomycetous yeasts, which differentiates them from ascomycetous yeasts in the Ascomycota. Aside from yeast anamorphs and uredinia, aecia ...
Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the Basidiomycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic ) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa , and by ...
Pathogenicity for insects is widely distributed in the kingdom of fungi and occur in six fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Oomycetes, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, and Microsporidia). [1] It plays a vital ecological role in controlling insect populations by impacting 19 out of 30 known insect orders.
The term "yeast" is often taken as a synonym for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [11] but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla: the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts or "true yeasts" are classified in the order Saccharomycetales, [12] within the phylum Ascomycota.
Dikarya Diversity of Basidiomycota, which includes (clockwise from top-left): fly-agaric (Amanita muscaria), Dacrymyces palmatus, porcini (Boletus edulis), Uromyces rumicis (in the Uromyces genus of rust fungi), Meredithblackwellia eburnea, bamboo mushroom (Phallus indusiatus), azalea gall (Exobasidium vaccinii), and red cage (Clathrus ruber)
The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. [10] This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; [11] the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
The ancestral ecological state of both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota was probably saprobism, and independent lichenization events may have occurred multiple times. [118] [119] In 1995, Gargas and colleagues proposed that there were at least five independent origins of lichenization; three in the basidiomycetes and at least two in the Ascomycetes ...
[2] [23] [24] At about this same time, approximately 400 Ma, the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota diverged, [25] and all modern classes of fungi were present by the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, 318.1–299 Ma). [26] Lichen-like fossils have been found in the Doushantuo Formation in southern China dating back to 635–551 Ma. [27]