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For example, herbs containing PAs were used in traditional Chinese medicine and by Native American tribes for their purported therapeutic properties. [3] It has been estimated that 3% of the world's flowering plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [4] Honey can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, [5] [6] as can grains, milk, offal and eggs. [7]
Like other pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine is toxic when ingested. The ingested molecule is a protoxin that is metabolized to its active form. [3] In large quantities, ingestion can lead to critical illness, including convulsions and death. Studies in rodents have shown an LD 50 of 65 mg/kg. [4]
Pyrrolizidine is a heterocyclic organic compound. Formally, it is a saturated derivative of pyrrolizine. Pyrrolizidine forms the central chemical structure of a variety of alkaloids known collectively as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. [1] It is one of five classes of iminosugars. These are often synthesized from a carbohydrate. [2]
Pages in category "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Alkaloids with partial pyrrolidine structure are usually sub-categorized based on their occurrence and biogenetic origin. Hygrin and cuscohygrin were isolated from the leaves of the coca shrub , [ 2 ] while (-)-codonopsinine was isolated from the woodland vine tiger bell .
[4] [5] It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns. Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group.
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Another group of alkaloids, the senecio-type alkaloids, are produced by various plants and like the lolines, the senecio alkaloids possess a pyrrolizidine ring structure. Unlike the lolines, however, the senecio alkaloids exhibit strong hepatotoxicity, [13] owing to a double bond between C-1 and C-2 in their ring structure. [13]