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  2. Legio XIII Gemina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina

    Legio XIII Gemina, [a] in English the 13th Twin(s) Legion (either "Female Twin" or "Neuter Twins"); was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of Julius Caesar's key units in Gaul and in the civil war, and was the legion with which he crossed the Rubicon in January, perhaps on 10 January, in 49 BC. The legion appears to have still been ...

  3. Battle of Utica (49 BC) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(49_BC)

    The Battle of Utica (49 BC) in Caesar's Civil War was fought between Julius Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio and Pompeian legionaries commanded by Publius Attius Varus supported by Numidian cavalry and foot soldiers sent by King Juba I of Numidia. Curio defeated the Pompeians and Numidians and drove Varus back into the town of Utica.

  4. Crossing the Rubicon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon

    The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is an idiom that means "passing a point of no return". [1] Its meaning comes from allusion to the crossing of the river Rubicon from the north by Julius Caesar in early January 49 BC.

  5. Military campaigns of Julius Caesar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaigns_of...

    On 10 January 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon river (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war. Upon crossing the Rubicon, Plutarch reports that Caesar quoted the Athenian playwright Menander in Greek, saying anerrhiphthō kubos (ἀνερρίφθω κύβος; let the dice be tossed). [33]

  6. List of Roman legions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions

    Nero, Sestertius with countermark "X" of Legio X Gemina. Obv: Laureate bust right. Rev: Nero riding horse right, holding spear, DECVRSIO in exergue; S C across fields. This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological ...

  7. Roman army of the late Republic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army_of_the_late...

    As Caesar's legal command over his 13 legions was running out, he famously crossed the Rubicon River with just one legion, purportedly stating alea iacta est ("the die is cast"). He defeated the larger Pompeian armies through the experience of his men and clever use of strategy, even employing the pilum as a bayonet to combat Pompey's 7–1 ...

  8. Cisalpine Gaul - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul

    The Rubicon River marked its southern boundary with Italia proper. By crossing this river in 49 BC with his loyal XIII Legion, [30] returning from the conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar precipitated the civil war within the Roman Republic which led, eventually, to the establishment of the Roman Empire. To this day the term "crossing the Rubicon ...

  9. Roman legion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion

    When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.