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Con: child; also used in some regions to address a person as old as one's child Cháu : nephew/niece, grandson/granddaughter; used to address a young person of around such relative age Using a person's name to refer to oneself or to address another is considered more personal and informal than using pronouns.
Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.The four remaining letters are not considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write loanwords, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example: dz or z for southerner pronunciation of v in standard Vietnamese.
Historically, /v/ is pronounced [j] in common speech, merging with d and gi. However, it is becoming distinct and pronounced as [v] , especially in careful speech or when reading a text. In traditional performance including Cải lương , Đờn ca tài tử , Hát bội (Tuồng) and some old speakers of Overseas Vietnamese, it is pronounced ...
Most of the unusual correspondences between spelling and modern pronunciation are explained by Middle Vietnamese. Note in particular: de Rhodes' system has two different b letters, a regular b and a "hooked" b in which the upper section of the curved part of the b extends leftward past the vertical bar and curls down again in a semicircle.
In Piedmontese and Lombard, gg is an etymological spelling representing an /tʃ/ at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient /dʒ/. gh is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent /ɡ/ or /f/. See article. gi is used in Vietnamese for /z/ in northern dialects and /j/ in the southern
con: father: a male teacher; a monk: Only the non-kinship sense is universal. The "father" sense is only dialectal in the north. mẹ: con: mother: mẹ is the Northern form, má the Southern. Many other terms are used, depending on the dialect: u, bầm, mạ, má. Archaic: nạ. anh: em: older brother
The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is chữ Hán (𡨸漢).It is made of chữ meaning 'character' and Hán 'Han (referring to the Han dynasty)'.Other synonyms of chữ Hán includes chữ Nho (𡨸儒 [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ ɲɔ˧˧], literally 'Confucian characters') and Hán tự [a] (漢字 [haːn˧˦ tɨ˧˨ʔ] ⓘ) which was borrowed directly from Chinese.
Old Dutch did not appear to have a T–V distinction. Thu was used as the second-person singular, and gi as the second-person plural. In early Middle Dutch, influenced by Old French usage, the original plural pronoun gi (or ji in the north) came to be used as a respectful singular pronoun, creating a T–V distinction.