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The geographic cycle, or cycle of erosion, is an idealized model that explains the development of relief in landscapes. [1] The model starts with the erosion that follows uplift of land above a base level and ends, if conditions allow, in the formation of a peneplain. [1]
Walther Penck (30 August 1888 – 29 September 1923) was a geologist [1] and geomorphologist [1] known for his theories on landscape evolution. Penck is noted for criticizing key elements of the Davisian cycle of erosion, concluding that the process of uplift and denudation occur simultaneously, at gradual and continuous rates. [2]
This model show that when ∇z is far from S c it behaves like equation 1. On the contrary when ∇z approaches S c erosion rates becomes extremely high. This last feature may represent the behavior of landslides in steep terrain. [7] At low erosion rates increased stream or river incision may make gentle slopes
The inherent difficulties of the model have instead made geomorphological research to advance along other lines. [46] In contrast to its disputed status in geomorphology, the cycle of erosion model is a common approach used to establish denudation chronologies, and is thus an important concept in the science of historical geology. [48]
Though the cycle of erosion was a crucial early contribution to the development of geomorphology, many of Davis' theories regarding landscape evolution, sometimes termed 'Davisian geomorphology', were heavily criticized by later geomorphologists. When Davis retired from Harvard in 1911, the study of landscape evolution was nearly monopolized by ...
Denudation chronology revolves around episodes of landscape-wide erosion, better known as denudation. The cycle of erosion model is a common approach used to establish denudation chronologies. [ 1 ]
While King's ideas were an attempt at refuting Davis' cycle of erosion they were themselves of cyclical nature and contributed to what Cliff Ollier has called "Davis bashing" — the ridicule of cyclical theories in geomorphology, in particular Davis' ones. Critics did however not propose alternative models. [1]
Cycle of erosion – Model of geographic landscape evolution; Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain; Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface