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The pineal gland (also known as the pineal body [1] or epiphysis cerebri) is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. It produces melatonin , a serotonin -derived hormone , which modulates sleep patterns following the diurnal cycles . [ 2 ]
An abundance of cilia and centrioles has also been found in these Type 2 cells of the pineal gland. [7] Unique to the Type 2 is the presence of vacuoles containing 2 layers of membrane. [ 7 ] As Type 1 cells contain serotonin , Type 2 cells contain melatonin and are thought to have similar characteristics as endocrine and neuronal cells.
Pages in category "Hormones of the pineal gland" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. A.
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
Hormones of the pineal gland (1 C, 2 P) Hormones of the pituitary gland (2 C, 1 P) Hormones of the hypothalamus (1 C, 5 P) Pages in category "Hormones of the brain"
Its IUPAC name is 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, usually abbreviated as 6-MeO-THBC, and its more common name is a combination of "pineal beta-carboline". [2] The biological activity of this molecule is of interest as a potential free radical scavenger, also known as an antioxidant , [ 3 ] and as a monoamine oxidase A inhibitor.
The hypothalamus produces the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin in its endocrine cells (left). These are released at nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland and then secreted into the systemic circulation. The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary (right).
The epithalamus is associated with sleep disorders like insomnia revolving around circadian rhythms of sleep wake cycles. The close connection of the epithalamus with the limbic system regulates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland and the regulation of motor pathways and emotions. [9] The secretion of melatonin happens in a cycle.