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In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization [1] or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm. A hyperparameter is a parameter whose value is used to control the learning process, which must be configured before the process starts. [2] [3]
Model selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one. [1] In the context of machine learning and more generally statistical analysis, this may be the selection of a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data.
In machine learning, a hyperparameter is a parameter that can be set in order to define any configurable part of a model's learning process. Hyperparameters can be classified as either model hyperparameters (such as the topology and size of a neural network) or algorithm hyperparameters (such as the learning rate and the batch size of an optimizer).
One often uses a prior which comes from a parametric family of probability distributions – this is done partly for explicitness (so one can write down a distribution, and choose the form by varying the hyperparameter, rather than trying to produce an arbitrary function), and partly so that one can vary the hyperparameter, particularly in the method of conjugate priors, or for sensitivity ...
Bayesian research cycle using Bayesian nonlinear mixed effects model: (a) standard research cycle and (b) Bayesian-specific workflow [16]. A three stage version of Bayesian hierarchical modeling could be used to calculate probability at 1) an individual level, 2) at the level of population and 3) the prior, which is an assumed probability ...
Specifically, the top-1 expert is always selected, and the top-2th expert is selected with probability proportional to that experts' weight according to the gating function. Later, GLaM [39] demonstrated a language model with 1.2 trillion parameters, each MoE layer using top-2 out of 64 experts. Switch Transformers [21] use top-1 in all MoE layers.
A simple example is fitting a line in two dimensions to a set of observations. Assuming that this set contains both inliers, i.e., points which approximately can be fitted to a line, and outliers, points which cannot be fitted to this line, a simple least squares method for line fitting will generally produce a line with a bad fit to the data including inliers and outliers.
[1] When sampling a function of variables, the range of each variable is divided into equally probable intervals. sample points are then placed to satisfy the Latin hypercube requirements; this forces the number of divisions, , to be equal for each variable. This sampling scheme does not require more samples for more dimensions (variables ...