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In Islam, atheists are categorized as kafir , a term that is also used to describe polytheists , and that translates roughly as "denier" or "concealer". Kafir carries connotations of blasphemy and disconnection from the Islamic community. In Arabic, "atheism" is generally translated ilhad , although this also means "heresy".
Atheism and agnosticism have a long history in India and flourish within the Śramaṇa movement. Indian religions like Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism consider atheism to be acceptable. [1] [2] [3] Doubt has been ingrained even in Indian spiritual culture. [4] India has produced some notable atheist politicians and social reformers. [5]
Implicit atheism is "the absence of theistic belief without a conscious rejection of it" and explicit atheism is the conscious rejection of belief. It is usual to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism. [23] [10] [24] For the purposes of his paper on "philosophical atheism", Ernest Nagel contested including the mere ...
Savarkar was an atheist who saw Hinduism as a cultural identity rather than a religious one. Savarkar wanted to "minimize the importance of religion in his definition of Hindu". [37] Shreela Flather, Baroness Flather of Windsor and Maidenhead, the first Hindu woman in British politics. She has described herself as a "Hindu atheist".
Atheism at the agora: a history of unbelief in ancient Greek polytheism. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781032492995. Meagher, Richard J. Atheists in American politics: Social movement organizing from the nineteenth to the twenty-first centuries (Lexington Books, 2018). Obbink, Dirk (1989). "The Atheism of Epicurus". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies.
[12] [13] [14] The British also introduced a system of separate electorates, which further exacerbated the divide between the Hindu and Muslim communities. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The First Indian War of Independence in 1857 , also known as the mutiny of 1857, was a major uprising against British rule in India.
[11] [12] Charvaka developed during the Hindu reformation period in the first millennium BCE, after Buddhism was established by Gautama Buddha and Jainism was re-organized by Parshvanatha. [13] Its teachings have been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the shastras , sutras , and Indian epic poetry .
The Śramaṇas included various traditions which did not accept the Brahmanical religion of the Vedas. These non-Vedic schools gave rise to a diverse range of ideas about topics like the atman, atomism, ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, free will, asceticism, family life, ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism. [41]