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Shark cartilage is a dietary supplement made from the dried and powdered cartilage of a shark; that is, from the tough material that composes a shark's skeleton. Shark cartilage is marketed under a variety of brand names, including Carticin, Cartilade, or BeneFin, and is marketed explicitly or implicitly as a treatment or preventive for various ...
Lane and Comac further claimed that this was because shark cartilage contained cancer-fighting elements, and so that powdered shark cartilage is an effective treatment for cancer and numerous other conditions. [2] [3] However, there is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer or any other disease.
The effectiveness of glucosamine is controversial. [3] [4] Most recent reviews found it to be equal to [46] [47] or only slightly better than placebo. [10] [48] A difference may exist between glucosamine sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride, with glucosamine sulfate showing a benefit and glucosamine hydrochloride not. [49]
[4] [6] Commonly sold forms of glucosamine are glucosamine sulfate, [4] glucosamine chondroitin, glucosamine hydrochloride, [5] and N-acetylglucosamine. [4] [3] Of the three commonly available forms of glucosamine, only glucosamine sulfate is given a "likely effective" rating for treating osteoarthritis. [4]
The basic proteoglycan unit consists of a "core protein" with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). [2] The point of attachment is a serine (Ser) residue to which the glycosaminoglycan is joined through a tetrasaccharide bridge (e.g. chondroitin sulfate - GlcA - Gal -Gal- Xyl -PROTEIN).
Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage, [2] and provides much of its resistance to compression. [3] Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis, although large clinical trials failed to demonstrate any symptomatic benefit of chondroitin.
Three sulfation events of the CSGAG chains occur: 4-O and/or 6-O sulfation of GalNAc and 2-O sulfation of uronic acid. Four isoforms of the 4-O GalNAc sulfotransferases (C4ST-1, C4ST-2, C4ST-3, and D4ST-1) and three isoforms of the GalNAc 6-O sulfotransferases (C6ST, C6ST-2, and GalNAc4S-6ST) are responsible for the sulfation of GalNAc. [7]
The cartilage proteoglycan synthesis can speed up as chondroitin is going through the pathway of the alimentary canal. [3] Research has been conducted to show the effectiveness of chondroitin and results indicate that it helps to manage pain in knee and hip, slow down the progression and also recovery. [ 4 ]
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