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2. Bulk soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil

   Bulk soil is soil outside the rhizosphere that is not penetrated by plant roots. The bulk soil is like an ecosystem, it is made up of many things such as: nutrients, ions, soil particles, and root exudates. There are many different interactions that occur between all the members of the bulk soil. Natural organic compounds are much lower in bulk ...

3. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

4. Soil compaction (agriculture) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)

   Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads. [ 1] Compaction can adversely affect nearly all physical, chemical and biological properties and functions of soil. [ 2] Together with soil erosion, it is regarded as the ...

5. Proctor compaction test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test

   The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. The test is named in honor of Ralph Roscoe Proctor [ de], who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends on ...

6. Soil quality - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_quality

   The physical category of soil quality indicators consists of tests that measure soil texture, bulk density, porosity, water content at saturation, aggregate stability, penetration resistance, and more. [9] These measures provide hydrological information, such the level of water infiltration and water availability to plants.

7. Soil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

   Most soils have a dry bulk density (density of soil taking into account voids when dry) between 1.1 and 1.6 g/cm 3, though the soil particle density is much higher, in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm 3. [7]