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A community's Wellhead Protection Program must add in any new water well that serves a public water supply system. A demonstration program which protects designated aquifers is required. Additionally, EPA must impose monitoring requirements on water systems for contaminants which have not yet been regulated [ 7 ]
Modern wells have blowout preventers intended to prevent such an occurrence. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic oil or gas fire. Prior to the advent of pressure control equipment in the 1920s, the uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling was common and was known as an oil gusher, gusher or wild ...
When the well has been drilled, it is completed to provide an interface with the reservoir rock and a tubular conduit for the well fluids. The surface pressure control is provided by a Christmas tree , which is installed on top of the wellhead, with isolation valves and choke equipment to control the flow of well fluids during production.
Well clusters consist of a closely spaced group of monitoring wells, each well completed to a different depth in individual boreholes. [1] Well clusters were first used in the 1950s at contaminated sites. [3] Because there is only one well screen in each borehole, there is little risk of vertical connection between zones. [3]
Casing heads are the primary interface for the surface pressure control equipment, for example blowout preventers (for well drilling) or the Christmas tree (for well production). The casing head, when installed, is typically tested to very strict pressure and leak-off parameters to insure viability under blowout conditions, before any surface ...
At a building the wires enter a conduit, a protective metal pipe, and the weatherhead is a waterproof cap on the end of the conduit that allows the wires to enter without letting in water. It is shaped like a hood , with the surface where the wires enter facing down at an angle of at least 45°, to shield it from precipitation.
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