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The table above gives properties of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of anhydrous ammonia at various temperatures. The second column is vapor pressure in kPa. The third column is the density of the liquid phase. The fourth column is the density of the vapor.
Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by Goldsworthy Gurney in the UK and the St. Charles Streetcar Line in New Orleans in the 1870s and 1880s, [95] and during World War II ammonia was used to power buses in Belgium. [96] Ammonia is sometimes proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for internal combustion engines.
Fritz Haber, 1918. The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [2] [3] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
The term kanne was also used for different-sized measures of beer, milk or whale oil that varied from region to region. 1 flask = [19 ⁄ 32 (≈0.6) Dutch gallons, 2.248 L iters, 1.978 (≈2) Imp. qts.] A term for a measure of alcohol that was enough to fill a large wine bottle. South Africa eventually adopted the standard French 750-ml bottle.
Metric regions commonly use the tonne of oil equivalent (toe), or more often million toe (Mtoe). Since this is a measurement of mass, any conversion to barrels of oil equivalent depends on the density of the oil in question, as well as the energy content. Typically 1 tonne of oil has a volume of 1.08 to 1.19 cubic metres (6.8 to 7.5 bbl).
Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...
PetroSA (The Petroleum, Oil and Gas Corporation of South Africa Ltd.) is the national oil and gas company (NOC) of South Africa. Its main activities are the extraction of natural gas from offshore fields about 89 km from Mossel Bay, the production of synthetic fuels from this gas through a gas to liquids (GTL) process, and the extraction of crude oil from oil fields off the South Coast of ...
South Africa developed its own CTL technology in the 1950s. The South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation ( Sasol ) was founded in 1950 as part of industrialization process that the South African government considered essential for continued economic development and autonomy. [ 5 ]