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Reverse discrimination is a term used to describe discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Reverse discrimination based on race or ethnicity is also called reverse racism .
Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination, [1] is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism. [2]
In 1974, the Jefferson County, Alabama Personnel Board signed a consent decree that required them to hire and promote African-American firefighters. Wilks, a white fireman, took issue with the agreement, claiming that he and other white firefighters (who were not parties to the original consent decrees signed in 1974) were more qualified than some of the black firefighters receiving promotions.
Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race.
A 2017 poll found that 55% of white Americans believe that white people face discrimination. [118] A 2022 poll found that 64% of Republicans polled said white people experience a fair amount of hate or discrimination in society. [119] A 2023 YouGov poll found that of Trump 2020 voters, 73% say that racism against white Americans is a problem. [120]
Before an employer can engage in intentional discrimination for the asserted purpose of avoiding or remedying an unintentional, disparate impact, the employer must have a strong basis in evidence to believe that it will be subject to disparate-impact liability if it fails to take the race-conscious, discriminatory action.
[2] Where a disparate impact is shown, the plaintiff can prevail without the necessity of showing intentional discrimination unless the defendant employer demonstrates that the practice or policy in question has a demonstrable relationship to the requirements of the job in question. [3] This is the "business necessity" defense. [1]
White defensiveness is the defensive response by white people to discussions of societal discrimination, structural racism, and white privilege.The term has been applied to characterize the responses of white people to portrayals of the Atlantic slave trade and European colonization, or scholarship on the legacy of those systems in modern society.