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In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. [1] [2] Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge
The Standard Model includes 4 kinds of gauge bosons of spin 1, [34] with bosons being quantum particles containing an integer spin. The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers , as they are responsible for mediating the fundamental interactions .
According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics there are five elementary bosons: One scalar boson (spin = 0) H 0 Higgs boson – the particle that contributes to the phenomenon of mass via the Higgs mechanism; Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ Photon – the force carrier of the ...
The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent; [1] however, despite having huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions, it does leave some unexplained phenomena. [2]
In the Standard Model, vector (spin-1) bosons (gluons, photons, and the W and Z bosons) mediate forces, whereas the Higgs boson (spin-0) is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. Bosons differ from fermions in the fact that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state (Pauli exclusion principle).
Bosons are one of the two fundamental particles having integral spinclasses of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by Bose–Einstein statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or composite, like mesons. According to the Standard Model, the elementary bosons are:
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons ...
These three composite bosons are the W +, W −, and Z 0 bosons actually observed in the weak interaction. The fourth electroweak gauge boson is the photon (γ) of electromagnetism, which does not couple to any of the Higgs fields and so remains massless. [23] This theory has made a number of predictions, including a prediction of the masses of ...