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The model was particularly inspired by the work of Italian physicist Vito Volterra, who had developed his predator-prey equations based on observations of fish populations in the Adriatic Sea during World War I. Volterra's work showed that during the war, when fishing was reduced due to military activities, the proportion of predator fish ...
The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model makes a number of assumptions about the environment and biology of the predator and prey populations: [5] The prey population finds ample food at all times. The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
English: The Phase plot for Lotka-Volterra model for predator-prey dynamics for varying initial populations of the predator. The parameters are: alpha = 1.1 # prey growth rate beta = 0.4 # prey death rate gamma = 0.4 # predator death rate delta = 0.1 # predator growth rate . x0 = 10 # initial prey population
The solution to these equations in the simple one-predator species, one-prey species model is a stable linked oscillation of population levels for both predator and prey. However, when time lags between respective population growths are modeled, these oscillations will tend to amplify, eventually leading to extinction of both species.
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Invulnerable prey: even with a single prey species, if there is a degree of temporal or spatial refuge (the prey can hide from the predator), destabilisation may not happen. Unpalatable prey: if prey do not fulfil the nutritional preferences of the predator to as great an extent at higher densities, as with some algae and grazers, there may be ...
Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, [1] and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems.
Anti-predator adaptation in action: the kitefin shark (a–c) and the Atlantic wreckfish (d–f) attempt to prey on hagfishes. First, the predators approach their potential prey. Predators bite or try to swallow the hagfishes, but the hagfishes have already projected jets of slime (arrows) into the predators' mouths.