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These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal.
A retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the subjacent vertebra to a degree less than a luxation (dislocation). Retrolistheses are most easily diagnosed on lateral x-ray views of the spine.
The cause of spondylolysis remains unknown, however many factors are thought to contribute to its development. The condition is present in up to 6% of the population, the majority of which usually present asymptomatically. [7] Research supports that there are hereditary and acquired risk factors that can make one more susceptible to the defect.
Those with European heritage have a 0.2% to 0.7% prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Reactive arthritis prevalence is unknown and likely varies with time based on endemic rates of the enteric ( Shigella , Salmonella , Campylobacter ) and sexually acquired ( chlamydia ) infections that cause it. [ 5 ]
Baastrup's sign is an orthopedic and radiographic disorder that often occurs in elderly humans. It is characterized by enlargement of the posterior spinous processes of the lumbar spine, with normal intervertebral disc height and neuroforamina.
1. ^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code ... (1845). Ëvetar Shqip Fort i Shkurtër. This page was last edited on 25 November ...
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Song of Songs 2 (abbreviated [where?] as Song 2) is the second chapter of the Song of Songs in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. [1] [2] This book is one of the Five Megillot, a collection of short books, together with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Esther, within the Ketuvim, the third and the last part of the Hebrew Bible. [3]