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Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share. [1]In logic, it is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction.
A false analogy is an informal fallacy, or a faulty instance, of the argument from analogy. An argument from analogy is weakened if it is inadequate in any of the above respects . The term "false analogy" comes from the philosopher John Stuart Mill , who was one of the first individuals to examine analogical reasoning in detail. [ 2 ]
The microcosm–macrocosm analogy (or, equivalently, macrocosm–microcosm analogy) refers to a historical view which posited a structural similarity between the human being (the microcosm, i.e., the small order or the small universe) and the cosmos as a whole (the macrocosm, i.e., the great order or the great universe).
Other analogies, such as von Karman's and Prandtl's, usually result in poor relations. The most successful and most widely used analogy is the Chilton and Colburn J-factor analogy. [9] This analogy is based on experimental data for gases and liquids in both the laminar and turbulent regimes. Although it is based on experimental data, it can be ...
A simple type of analogy is one that is based on shared properties; [1] [2] and analogizing is the process of representing information about a particular subject (the analogue or source system) by another particular subject (the target system), [3] in order "to illustrate some particular aspect (or clarify selected attributes) of the primary domain".
The Miller Analogies Test (MAT) was a standardized test used both for graduate school admissions in the United States and entrance to high I.Q. societies.Created and published by Harcourt Assessment (now a division of Pearson Education), the MAT consisted of 120 questions in 60 minutes (an earlier iteration was 100 questions in 50 minutes).
argument by analogy. Robert Audi, Epistemology, Routledge, 1998. Particularly relevant is Chapter 6, which explores the relationship between knowledge, inference and argument. J. L. Austin How to Do Things With Words, Oxford University Press, 1976. H. P. Grice, Logic and Conversation in The Logic of Grammar, Dickenson, 1975.
[1] Mechanical–electrical analogies are useful in general where the system includes transducers between different energy domains. [note 1] Another area of application is the mechanical parts of acoustic systems such as the pickup and tonearm of record players. This was of some importance in early phonographs where the audio is transmitted ...