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Where the modulus M is the ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area: M = V A {\displaystyle M={\frac {V}{A}}} The mold constant B depends on the properties of the metal, such as density, heat capacity , heat of fusion and superheat, and the mold, such as initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity , heat capacity and wall thickness.
Freeze-cast alumina that has been partially sintered. The freezing direction in the image is up. Freeze-casting, also frequently referred to as ice-templating, freeze casting, or freeze alignment, is a technique that exploits the highly anisotropic solidification behavior of a solvent (generally water) in a well-dispersed solution or slurry to controllably template directionally porous ...
A bronze casting showing the sprue and risers. A riser, also known as a feeder, [1] is a reservoir built into a metal casting mold to prevent cavities due to shrinkage.Most metals are less dense as a liquid than as a solid so castings shrink upon cooling, which can leave a void at the last point to solidify.
Sensors measuring the paper quality (online meters) are attached to a sensor platform that move across the web guided by the scanner beam. A typical crossing time for a sensor platform is 10–30 s (an 8 m web, 60 cm/s). The sensor platform scans across the paper web and continuously measures paper characteristics from edge to edge.
Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. [ 9 ] [ 8 ] The earliest use of water-powered mills in paper production, specifically the use of pulp mills for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century. [ 10 ]
Cast paper is a paper crafting technique in which paper fiber or pulp, such as cotton fiber paper, is formed using a mold. The pulp may consist of pure fiber, or be an amalgam of fiber, binder, and filler, such as Papier-mâché. The technique is employed for in-the-round sculpture as well as bas-relief. [1] [2]
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A paper machine (or paper-making machine) is an industrial machine which is used in the pulp and paper industry to create paper in large quantities at high speed. Modern paper-making machines are based on the principles of the Fourdrinier Machine, which uses a moving woven mesh to create a continuous paper web by filtering out the fibres held ...