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In the 12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux, in his De consideratione, argued that both the "material sword" (gladius materialis) and the "spiritual sword" (gladius spiritualis) belonged ultimately to the Papacy. [1] By the early 13th century, the two swords were the subject of serious study and debate among canon lawyers and decretalists. The ...
The Pompeii gladius was named by modern historians after the Roman town of Pompeii. This type of gladius was by far the most popular one. Four examples of the sword type were found in Pompeii, with others turning up elsewhere. The sword has parallel cutting edges and a triangular tip. This is the shortest of the gladii.
The Koine of the New Testament uses the word makhaira to refer to a sword generically, not making any particular distinction between native blades and the gladius of the Roman soldier. This ambiguity appears to have contributed to the apocryphal malchus , a supposedly short curved sword used by Peter to cut off the ear of a slave named Malchus ...
The terms "knight's sword" or "knightly sword" are modern terms to specify the sword of the high medieval period. Period terminology for swords is somewhat fluid. Mostly, the common type of sword in any given period would simply be referred to as "sword" (English swerde, French espée, Latin gladius etc.).
The present chronology is a compilation that includes diverse and relatively uneven documents about different families of bladed weapons: swords, dress-swords, sabers, rapiers, foils, machetes, daggers, knives, arrowheads, etc..., with the sword references being the most numerous but not the unique included among the other listed references of the rest of bladed weapons.
The dimachaeri (singular: dimachaerus) were a type of Roman gladiator that fought with two swords ().The name is a borrowing into Latin of Ancient Greek διμάχαιρος dimákhairos 'bearing two knives' (δι-di-'two' + μάχαιρα mákhaira 'knife').
The Samnite's sword arm was protected by an arm guard ; this became a common piece of equipment for most gladiators. [23] The sword was the Samnite's most common weapon (the word gladiator comes from the Latin gladius, "sword"), [1] but some seem to have fought with a lance instead. [4]
Gladius: Roman sword with a length of 64–81 cm and weight of 1.2-1.6 kg with a handle made of bone. Scutum: Rectangular shield made of vertically connected wooden boards with a small bronze boss which protects the shield's handle. Balteus: Leather belt with metal decorations and supplements, similar to current boxing title belt