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Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production.
In 1979, the Maniatis lab had developed and deployed gene cloning methods. Maniatis and Ed Fritsch taught a summer course in gene cloning at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . [ 18 ] Based on the material presented in the course they collaborated with Joseph Sambrook, then the Scientific Director of the CSHL, to write the textbook.
Human cloning is the creation of a ... and the hybrid cell was cultured and developed into ... After the donor somatic cell genetic material is transferred into the ...
Frederick Sanger developed a method for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided identification and isolation of genetic material.
Molecular cloning takes advantage of the fact that the chemical structure of DNA is fundamentally the same in all living organisms. Therefore, if any segment of DNA from any organism is inserted into a DNA segment containing the molecular sequences required for DNA replication, and the resulting recombinant DNA is introduced into the organism from which the replication sequences were obtained ...
In 1996, Luigi Naldini and Didier Trono developed a new class of gene therapy vectors based on HIV capable of infecting non-dividing cells that have since then been widely used in clinical and research settings, pioneering lentivirals vector in gene therapy. [172] Jesse Gelsinger's death in 1999 impeded gene therapy research in the US.
Tom Maniatis (born 1943), US molecular biologist, gene cloning, regulation of gene expression Clement Markert (1917–1999), US biologist who discovered isoenzymes Marco Marra (born 1966), Canadian geneticist known for demonstrating the role of genomics in human health and disease research.
Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term. [10] She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer , where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell ...