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The hyperfine transition of hydrogen, as depicted on the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft. The Pioneer plaque, attached to the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, portrays the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen and used the wavelength as a standard scale of measurement. For example, the height of the woman in the image is displayed as ...
The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by intelligent extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols ...
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. [2] It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter.
Ewen was born on March 5, 1922, in Chicopee, Massachusetts, [3] son of S. Arthur Ewen and Ruth F. Fay. After an education at the Technical High School in Springfield, Massachusetts, [2] he matriculated at Amherst College, studying undergraduate mathematics and astronomy, [1] and was awarded a B.A. in 1943. [3]
The DARE mission aims to analyze the spectral profile of the sky-averaged, redshifted 21-cm signal within a 40–120 MHz radio bandpass, targeting neutral hydrogen at redshifts between 11-35, corresponding to a period 420-80 million years subsequent to the Big Bang.
Pioneer 11 made a similar flyby in 1974. [28] Data sent back by the two spacecraft was used to determine the moon's physical characteristics [111] and provided images of the surface with up to 400 km (250 mi) resolution. [112] Pioneer 10's closest approach was 446,250 km, about 85 times Ganymede's diameter. [113]
Approved by NASA in February 1969, [10] the twin spacecraft were designated Pioneer F and Pioneer G before launch; later, they were named Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 respectively. They formed part of the Pioneer program, [11] a series of United States uncrewed space missions launched between 1958 and 1978. This model was the first in the series ...
It was followed by Pioneer 11, which was launched in April 1973, and passed within 34,000 kilometers (21,000 mi) of Jupiter in December 1974, before heading on to an encounter with Saturn. [9] They were followed by the more advanced Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, which were launched on 5 September and 20 August 1977 respectively, and ...