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He also claimed that "the first practical application of back-propagation was for estimating a dynamic model to predict nationalism and social communications in 1974" by him. [37] Around 1982, [36]: 376 David E. Rumelhart independently developed [38]: 252 backpropagation and taught the algorithm to others in his research circle. He did not cite ...
Martin Riedmiller developed three algorithms, all named RPROP. Igel and Hüsken assigned names to them and added a new variant: [2] [3] RPROP+ is defined at A Direct Adaptive Method for Faster Backpropagation Learning: The RPROP Algorithm. [4]
Back_Propagation_Through_Time(a, y) // a[t] is the input at time t. y[t] is the output Unfold the network to contain k instances of f do until stopping criterion is met: x := the zero-magnitude vector // x is the current context for t from 0 to n − k do // t is time. n is the length of the training sequence Set the network inputs to x, a[t ...
Almeida–Pineda recurrent backpropagation is an extension to the backpropagation algorithm that is applicable to recurrent neural networks. It is a type of supervised learning . It was described somewhat cryptically in Richard Feynman 's senior thesis, and rediscovered independently in the context of artificial neural networks by both Fernando ...
Backpropagation training algorithms fall into three categories: steepest descent (with variable learning rate and momentum, resilient backpropagation);; quasi-Newton (Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno, one step secant);
The standard method for training RNN by gradient descent is the "backpropagation through time" (BPTT) algorithm, which is a special case of the general algorithm of backpropagation. A more computationally expensive online variant is called "Real-Time Recurrent Learning" or RTRL, [ 78 ] [ 79 ] which is an instance of automatic differentiation in ...
Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated).
This can perform significantly better than "true" stochastic gradient descent described, because the code can make use of vectorization libraries rather than computing each step separately as was first shown in [6] where it was called "the bunch-mode back-propagation algorithm". It may also result in smoother convergence, as the gradient ...