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A tipi or tepee (/ ˈ t iː p i / TEE-pee) is a conical lodge tent that is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure, and historically made of animal hides or pelts or, in more recent generations, of canvas stretched on a framework of wooden poles.
Tipi rings in the Pryor Mountains. Tipi rings are circular patterns of stones left from an encampment of Post-Archaic, protohistoric and historic Native Americans. [1] They are found primarily throughout the Plains of the United States and Canada, and also in the foothills and parks of the Rocky Mountains.
In Native American plains style tipi, the smoke hole consisted of one easily accessible smoke flap vent which was positioned around the apex of the interior beams and the flaps were extended outward on poles to open the vent. In modern ceremonial tipis this vent is in the traditional fashion.
A flap in the animal skins serves as a doorway, and a hole in the center of the tepee’s roof allows smoke and heat to escape. In Lakota culture, the four sides of a tepee represent both space and time. The tepee itself symbolizes the world, with each corner embodying one of the four cardinal directions. [6]
The tipis have since become a prominent symbol of travel across South Dakota [1] and are one of the most photographed rest area features in the United States. [ 8 ] In 2005, the tipis were listed on the Federal Highway Administration 's "Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally Significant Features of the Federal Highway Interstate System ...
The Northern Paiute have a history of trade with surrounding tribes. In the 1700s, the bands in eastern Oregon traded with the tribes to the north, [ 6 ] who by 1730 had acquired the horse. [ 7 ] In the mid-18th century, some bands developed a horse culture and split off to become the Bannock tribe. [ 8 ]
They lived in elm-bark lodges while they farmed, and used tipis while traveling, like many other Plains tribes. They often left their villages to hunt buffalo. In the early 19th century, many of their villages were destroyed due to warfare with other tribes. European-American encroachment and disease also played a role in their decline.
According to The Canadian Encyclopedia, "When dogs were replaced by horses, the greater pulling power allowed tipis to increase in size and household goods to multiply." [4] The Native Languages of the Americas website relates that: After horses were introduced to North America, many Plains Indian tribes began to make larger horse-drawn travois.