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A convection heater, also known as a convector heater, is a type of heater that utilizes convection currents [1] to heat and circulate air. These currents move through the appliance and across its heating element, [ 2 ] using thermal conduction [ 3 ] to warm the air and decrease its density relative to colder air, causing it to rise.
A gas heater is a space heater used to heat a room or outdoor area by burning natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane. Indoor household gas heaters can be broadly categorized in one of two ways: flued or non-flued, or vented and unvented .
A ceramic heater as a consumer product is a space heater that generates heat using a heating element of ceramic with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ failed verification ] Ceramic heaters are usually portable and typically used for heating a room or small office, and are of similar utility to metal-element fan heaters .
In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today, forced air systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular. Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are Better air conditioning effects
The most commonly surviving Spacemaster model is the PRC402ST combined convector and reflector heater with an overall output of 2.75 kilowatts. The simple convector models are occasionally seen. In all, seven Spacemaster models are known: [11] PC101: a 1 kilowatt single-heat convector. PC101T: a 1 kilowatt thermostatically controlled convector.
Heat traps are valves or loops of pipe on the cold water inlet and hot water outlet of water heaters. The heat traps allow cold water to flow into the water heater tank, but prevent unwanted natural convection and heated water to flow out of the tank. [1] [2] Newer water heaters have built-in heat traps.
Motorcycle engines may also use carburetor heating. In many cases, and especially with simple air-cooled engines, this relies solely upon an electric heating element attached to the carburetor, as a heat stove and attached warm air feed would be bulky, complex, difficult to route, and may even interfere with normal cooling of the cylinder block.
The middle term is the Joule heating, and the last term includes both Peltier (at junction) and Thomson (in thermal gradient) effects. Combined with the Seebeck equation for J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } , this can be used to solve for the steady-state voltage and temperature profiles in a complicated system.