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The conservation and restoration of parchment constitutes the care and treatment of parchment materials which have cultural and historical significance. Typically undertaken by professional book and document conservators , this process can include preventive measures which protect against future deterioration as well as specific treatments to ...
Liming is a process used for parchment or leather processing, in which hides are soaked in an alkali solution. It is performed using a drum and paddle or a pit. Its objectives are: [1] Removal of interfibrillary proteins. Removal of keratin proteins. Collagen swelling due to the alkaline pH. Collagen fibre bundle splitting. Removal of natural ...
Problems can occur when parchment is exposed to high humidity for a long period of time. For example, collagen in the pages could dissolve and stick together. [11] These problems are further compounded by the fact that pigments do not dye parchment; instead, they lie on the surface of the parchment and so are rather fragile.
Eumenes II developed parchment when papyrus was banned for export to Pergamos by Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The skin of sheep, goats, or cattle was used to create parchment. [2] The parchmentising process involves the application of sulfuric acid to cellulosic textiles in order to achieve the characteristics of parchment. [3] [1]
Parchment is also extremely affected by its environment and changes in humidity, which can cause buckling. Books with parchment pages were bound with strong wooden boards and clamped tightly shut by metal (often brass) clasps or leather straps; [20] this acted to keep the pages pressed flat despite humidity changes. Such metal fittings ...
The treatment of equine lameness is a complex subject. Lameness in horses has a variety of causes, and treatment must be tailored to the type and degree of injury, as well as the financial capabilities of the owner. Treatment may be applied locally, systemically, or intralesionally, and the strategy for treatment may change as healing progresses.
Sheath cleaning is a hygienic process occasionally needed by male horses, both geldings and stallions, wherein a caretaker, groom or veterinarian checks the horse's sheath, the pocket of skin that protects the penis of the horse when it is not in use for urination (or, in the case of stallions, breeding). [1]
One example is garlic, sometimes fed to horses as an insect repellent, but it contains N-propyl disulfide, which in horses can affect their red blood cells and can lead to Heinz body anemia. [20] Another substance sometimes fed to horses is yogurt containing active probiotics , usually in the mistaken belief it is a digestive supplement.