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Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [1] [2] [3] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a summary of this proposal. [4]
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems. Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole.
This view is known as partial holism. One early advocate of partial confirmational holism is Adolf Grünbaum (1962). [4] Another is Ken Gemes (1993). [8] The latter provides refinements to the hypothetico-deductive account of confirmation, arguing that a piece of evidence may be confirmationally relevant only to some content parts of a hypothesis.
Integrative thinking is a discipline and methodology for solving complex or wicked problems.The theory was originally created by Roger Martin, Dean of the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, and collaboratively developed with his colleague Mihnea C. Moldoveanu, [4] Director of the Desautels Centre for Integrative Thinking.
Perspective-taking is the act of perceiving a situation or understanding a concept from an alternative point of view, such as that of another individual. [1]A vast amount of scientific literature suggests that perspective-taking is crucial to human development [2] and that it may lead to a variety of beneficial outcomes.
Integrated social work refers to the use of a holistic approach in the practice of social work [1] It differs from Eclecticism in that whilst eclectic social work uses differ parts of a variety of social work theories and models, integrative social work seeks to blend different theories, models, and methods into a personalized and coherent approach that provides lasting solutions to the ...
Systems thinking is a theory that provides stakeholders with an "understanding [of] how the people, processes, and technology within an organization interact allow[ing] business analysts to understand the enterprise from a holistic point of view". [9]
In Philosophy, logical holism is the belief that the world operates in such a way that no part can be known without the whole being known first.. Theoretical holism is a theory in philosophy of science, that a theory of science can only be understood in its entirety, introduced by Pierre Duhem.