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Apitoxin or bee venom is the venom produced by the honey bee. It is a cytotoxic and hemotoxic bitter colorless liquid containing proteins , which may produce local inflammation . It may have similarities to sea nettle toxin .
Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). [2] Dry bee venom consists of 2–3% of apamin. [3] Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca 2+-activated K + channel expressed in the central nervous system.
Bee venom is obtained by stimulating the bee with an electric current that incite them to sting, releasing a drop of poison onto a glass slide. The crystallized venom can be collected and processed. In order to get 1 gram of dry venom, it is necessary to collect the apitoxin of 10,000 to 15,000 bees. [1] [2]
Melittin is the main compound in bee venom, accounting for the potential lethality of a bee sting, which causes an anaphylactic reaction in some people. [5] At the sites of multiple stings, localized pain, swelling, and skin redness occur, and if bees are swallowed, life-threatening swelling of the throat and respiratory passages may develop. [5]
Bee stings differ from insect bites, with the venom of stinging insects having considerable chemical variation. The reaction of a person to a bee sting may vary according to the bee species. While bee stinger venom is slightly acidic and causes only mild pain in most people, [1] allergic reactions may occur in people with allergies to venom ...
Defense as in the bee, ant, termite, honey bee, wasp, poison dart frog and plants producing toxins. The toxins used as defense in species among the poison dart frog can also be used for medicinal purposes; Some of the more well known types of biotoxins include: Cyanotoxins, produced by cyanobacteria; Dinotoxins, produced by dinoflagellates
Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products, including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. There has been no scientific or clinical evidence for the efficacy or safety of apitherapy treatments. [1] [2] Bee venom can cause minor or major reactions, including allergic responses, anaphylaxis or death.
In sufficient quantities, such chemicals can poison and even kill the bee. The effects of alcohol on bees have long been recognized. For example, John Cumming described the effect in an 1864 publication on beekeeping. [1] When bees become intoxicated from ethanol consumption or poisoned with other chemicals, their balance is affected.
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