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Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, thus causing flaccid paralysis. [25]
For patients who have had healthy vision heretofore until a small, horizontal deviation set in suddenly, the injection of botulinum toxin may allow them to maintain the binocular vision skills that had been acquired earlier. [6] Some consider botulinum injections to be a treatment option for children with small- to moderate-angle infantile ...
C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. [1] It is an obligate anaerobe, the organism survives in an environment that lacks oxygen.However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. [7]
For many biologics (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), injection site reactions are the most common adverse effect of the drug, and have been reported to have an incidence rate of 0.5–40%. [ 2 ] In trials of subcutaneous administration of oligonucleotides , between 22 and 100% of subjects developed reactions depending on the oligonucleotide.
Subcutaneous injection sites. Commonly used injection sites include: [3]: 723 The outer area of the upper arm. The abdomen, avoiding a 2-inch circle around the navel. The front of the thigh, between 4 inches from the top of the thigh and 4 inches above the knee. The upper back. The upper area of the buttock, just behind the hip bone.
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Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
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