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Renal elimination is the major route of excretion with about 60% of an administered dose recovered in urine, largely as inactive pyridine metabolites. However, renal impairment does not significantly influence amlodipine elimination. [55] 20-25% of the drug is excreted in the faeces. [56]
Raynaud syndrome, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a medical condition in which the spasm of small arteries causes episodes of reduced blood flow to end arterioles. [1] Typically the fingers, and, less commonly, the toes, are involved. [ 1 ]
X-ray of arm showing absent radius and radially deviated hand, caused by thrombocytopenia and absent radius syndrome. Duane-radial ray syndrome has two major features that appear in the majority of cases. These two features are Duane anomaly and radial ray malformations. Each feature appears in 65% and 91% of cases respectively. [2]
Raynaud’s occurs in 2% to 5% of the population, more commonly in women, and takes two forms. Primary Raynaud’s is by far the most common and is typically diagnosed in teenage girls and women ...
Hand X-ray lesions such as erosions, periarticular calcifications, and subluxations are seen in about 50% of patients. [22] Raynaud's phenomenon is an episodic vasospasm of the toes and fingers usually precipitated by exposure to cold temperatures. [23] Raynaud's phenomenon can be primary or secondary to another disease. [24]
CREST syndrome, also known as the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis (lcSSc), is a multisystem connective tissue disorder.The acronym "CREST" refers to the five main features: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.
Both α 1 blockers and α 2 blockers have been examined to treat Raynaud's disease. Although α 1 blockers, such as prazosin , have appeared to give slight improvement for the sclerotic symptoms of Raynaud's disease, there are many side effects that occur while taking this drug.
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine that are used as L-type calcium channel blockers. [1] They are used in the treatment of hypertension.