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Friedrich Bergius, also a German chemist, invented direct coal liquefaction (DCL) as a way to convert lignite into synthetic oil in 1913. Coal liquefaction was an important part of Adolf Hitler's four-year plan of 1936, and became an integral part of German industry during World War II. [4]
When diesel fuel replaced steam engines in warships, control of oil supplies became a factor in military strategy—and played a key role in World War II. After the dominance of coal waned in the mid-1950s, oil received significant media coverage and its importance on modern economies increased greatly, being a major factor in several energy ...
James Young's Addiewell Works in West Lothian. The term was in use by the late 18th century for oil produced as a by-product of the production of coal gas and coal tar. [6] In the early 19th century, it was discovered that coal oil distilled from cannel coal could be used in lamps as an illuminant, although the early coal oil burned with a smokey flame, so that it was used only for outdoor ...
Direct coal conversion plants were also developed in the US after World War II, including a 3 TPD plant in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and a 250-600 TPD Plant in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. [27] In later decades the Republic of South Africa established a state oil company including a large synthetic fuel establishment. [citation needed]
China said it would implement a 15% tariff on coal and liquefied natural gas products as well as a 10% tariff on crude oil, agricultural machinery and large-engine cars imported from the U.S. The ...
Even prior to a declaration of war by the United States, shortages of coal were experienced in the winter of 1916-17. To address concerns about a steady supply of fuel to support military and industrial operations and for use by consumers, in 1917 the Federal Fuel Administration was established and US President Woodrow Wilson appointed Harry A. Garfield to lead the agency.
The International Energy Agency says the share of coal, oil, and natural gas in global energy supply, stuck for decades around 80%, will start to edge downward and reach 73% by 2030.
Such projects could shield China from oil price volatility, as it is the world's largest importer of crude oil. In 2023, its imports reached 11.3 million barrels per day, growing over 10% compared ...