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A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children." [30]
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Overall, those children who were exposed to cocaine during pregnancy had lower scores on the Short Term Memory scale than unexposed children at all age levels, especially boys. Cocaine exposure also predicted lower IQ scores in general. [32] Exposing prenatal offspring to cocaine can cause irreversible damage and increase developmental risks. [32]
[6] [7] Crossbreeding between populations sometimes has positive effects on fitness-related traits, [8] but also sometimes leads to negative effects known as outbreeding depression. However, increased homozygosity increases the probability of fixing beneficial alleles and also slightly decreases the probability of fixing deleterious alleles in ...
Cannabis use during pregnancy was unrelated to risk of perinatal death or need for special care, but, the babies of women who used cannabis at least once per week before and throughout pregnancy were 216g lighter than those of non‐users, had significantly shorter birth lengths and smaller head circumferences.
Sequence of images showing the stages of a normal vaginal delivery (NVD) Sequence of images showing stages of an instrumental vaginal delivery. A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). [1] It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide. [2]
The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between the father's age at conception and biological effects on the child. [1] Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy, and psychological outcomes. [2] A 2017 review found that while severe health effects are associated with higher paternal age, the ...
Grazing can have positive or negative effects on rangeland health, depending on management quality, [128] and grazing can have different effects on different soils [129] and different plant communities. [130] Grazing can sometimes reduce, and other times increase, biodiversity of grassland ecosystems.