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Mussolini regarded his time at a religious boarding school as punishment, compared the experience to hell, and "once refused to go to morning Mass and had to be dragged there by force." [192] Mussolini became anti-clerical like his father.
However, in the 1929 Lateran Treaty, Mussolini recognized the Pope as sovereign ruler of the Vatican City state, and Roman Catholicism became the state religion of Fascist Italy. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In March 1929, a nationwide plebiscite was held to publicly endorse the Lateran Treaty.
Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman question began in 1926 between the Holy See and the Italian fascist government led by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King Victor Emmanuel III by Mussolini and for Pope Pius XI by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro ...
This is Mussolini – who started out as a journalist, editing his own populist newspaper, Il Popolo d’Italia – as plotter and orator, propagandist and manipulator, back-stabber and front ...
Fascist Italy (Italian: Italia Fascista) is a term which is used in historiography to describe the Kingdom of Italy when it was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as prime minister and dictator.
The Sandro Italico Mussolini School of Fascist Mysticism (Italian: Scuola di mistica fascista Sandro Italico Mussolini) was established in Milan, Italy in 1930 by Niccolò Giani. Its primary goal was to train the future leaders of Italy's National Fascist Party .
A Swiss university is hosting an exhibition about its controversial award of an honorary doctorate to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, putting the links between his fascist government and Swiss ...
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe is a 2014 biography of Pope Pius XI about his relations with Benito Mussolini and rise of Fascism in Europe by David Kertzer. [1]