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  2. Fluency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluency

    Oral fluency or speaking fluency is a measurement both of production and reception of speech, as a fluent speaker must be able to understand and respond to others in conversation. Spoken language is typically characterized by seemingly non-fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation, pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of ‘task ...

  3. Cultural literacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_literacy

    Cultural literacy is an analogy to literacy proper (the ability to read and write letters). A literate reader knows the object-language's alphabet, grammar, and a sufficient set of vocabulary; a culturally literate person knows a given culture's signs and symbols , including its language, particular dialectic , stories, [ 1 ] entertainment ...

  4. Political literacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_literacy

    The Crick Report defines political literacy as people "learning about and how to make themselves effective in public life through knowledge, skills and value". [2]: 150 Denver and Hands (1990) defined it as "the knowledge and understanding of the political process and political issues which enables people to perform their roles as citizens effectively."

  5. Literacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy

    Literacy is the ability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural ...

  6. T–V distinction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T–V_distinction

    anda (polite/friendly formal; found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, e.g. advertisements. Anda almost never occurs in spoken Malay; instead, most Malaysians would address a respected person by their title and/or name), kamu (unfriendly formal; also found in formal documents and in all formal contexts, where the intention is to ...

  7. List of countries by literacy rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 February 2025. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022) World map of countries shaded according to the literacy rate for all people aged 15 and over This is a list of countries by literacy rate. The global ...

  8. Speech disfluency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disfluency

    A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of fillers (“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like stuttering with an interruption of fluency of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".

  9. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.